Risk Factor |
Domain |
Protective Factor |
- Inadequate life skills.
- Lack of self-control.
- Lack of assertiveness.
- Lack of peer refusal skills.
- Low self-esteem and self-confidence.
- Emotional and psychological problems.
- Favorable attitude about substance use.
- Rejection of common values and religion.
- School failure.
- Early antisocial behavior.
|
Individual |
-
Impulse control.
-
Acquisition of life skills.
-
Willingness to seek help.
-
High self esteem.
-
Optimistic attitude & adaptability.
|
- Family conflict and domestic violence.
- Family disorganization.
- Lack of family cohesion.
- Social isolation of family.
- Heightened family stress.
- Family attitudes favorable to drug use.
- Ambiguous, lax, or inconsistent rules.
- Poor child supervision.
- Unrealistic expectations for development.
|
Family |
- Parents seek prenatal care.
- Parents develop close bond with child.
- Education is valued and encouraged.
- Stress in managed well.
- Parents spend quality time with their children.
- Use of high-warmth/low-criticism parenting.
- Parents express clear expectations.
- Parents encourage supportive relationships.
- Family responsibilities are shared.
|
- Affiliation with delinquent peers.
- Association with substance using peers.
- Susceptibility to peer pressure.
- Strong external focus of control.
|
Peer |
- Involved in drug-free activities.
- Respect authority.
- Bond together in positive peer groups.
- Appreciate the talents of others.
|
- Ambiguous, lax or inconsistent rules.
- Favorable staff attitudes toward alcohol and drug use.
- Poor student management practices.
- Substance availability on school grounds
- Lack of school bonding.
|
School |
- Teachers express high expectations.
- Staff encourages goal-setting.
- Staff act as nurturing caretakers.
- Teachers encourage pro-social development.
- Staff provides leadership opportunities.
- Staff offers decision-making opportunities.
- Parents are involved in school activities.
- School offers drug-free activities.
|
- Community disorganization
- Values/norms supporting drug use
- Lack of community bonding
- Lack of cultural pride.
- Lack of bicultural competence.
|
Community |
-
Norms and public policies support non-use.
-
Access to resources.
-
Provision of supportive networks.
-
Social and bonding opportunities.
-
Youth are involved in community service.
|
